I.
Phrase
Phrase is a group of words that
lacks subject and predicate, so it does not express a complete thought.
Therefore, a phrase can never stand on its own as a complete sentence.
Based on its using, phrase can be classified into:
1.
Noun phrase. Noun phrase is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a modifier.
Noun phrase can be formed from determiners, adjective, and noun itself.
Functions of noun phrase consists of:
· As
subject of sentence. Example: this book is
mine
· As
direct object. Example: I give the book
to him
· As
in direct object. Example: I give my friend the
book
· As
modifier of preposition. Example: I buy the flowers for my mother
2. Adjective
phrase. Adjective phrase is a group of words (consists of two or more) with
adjective as the head. This head is commonly preceded by an intensifier, as very, quite,
enough, rather, etc. Adjective phrase used to modify nouns or pronouns.
Examples
· This
bag is very expensive
· June-23
is the day of the greatest length.
The sentence above is
an adjective phrase because the day of
the greatest length derived from the longest day (adjective)
3.
Verb phrase. Verb phrase is a group of
words (consists of two or more) and verb as the central idea of the
phrase. Verb phrase can be formed from
auxiliary verb “be”, auxiliary “have”, auxiliary “do” (to form negative
sentence), and modal auxiliaries. Example:
· He
is punished by his teacher
· She
has studied very hard
4. Adverb
phrase is a group of words that serves the same purpose as an adverb. Like an
adverb, an adverb phrase can modify an adjective or another adverb. Adverb
phrase can be used to expresses some of the relation: such as, a relation of
time, place, manner, frequency, and purpose. An adverb phrase can do the work of an adverb. Study the following
examples.
· He spoke politely. (Here the
adverb politely says something about the manner in which he spoke.)
· He spoke in a polite manner.
(Here the adverb phrase ‘in a polite manner’ also says how he spoke.)
Thus we have seen that an adverb phrase also modifies a verb
just like an adverb does.
Examples:
·
Clinton
ran with great speed.
·
You can
find the pencil in that place
Based on the introductory word,
phrase divided into:
1.
Prepositional
phrase is a group of words containing a preposition,
a noun or pronoun as the object of the
preposition, or any modifiers
of the object and preposition in this case become the central idea. A
prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause. The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. The functions of prepositional phrase are:
a. As
adjective. As adjective, prepositional phrase is used to modify noun. In this
case, prepositional phrase will answer the question which one? Examples:
· The
house on the corner is for sale
· The
food on the table looked delicious
b. As
adverb. As adverb, prepositional phrase is used to modify verb. In this case, a
prepositional phrase will answer questions such as how? When? or Where? Examples:
· I
will see him on Friday afternoon
· The
thief ran across the field
2. Participle
phrase
Participle phrase is a phrase which
is formed from participle (present / past) with other words (as preposition,
adverb, adjective, noun). It is used to
limit the subject of a sentence. Examples:
· The candles,
lighted in the living room, looked
very gay
· The book put on the table is for you
3. Infinitive
phrase. Infinitive phrase is a phrase where infinitive becomes the central. The
functions of this phrase are:
· As
subject of a sentence. Example: to study
hard makes me pass the exam
· As
object of a sentence. Example: I’m planning to
go to your house tomorrow
· As
complement. Example: my hobby is to watch
a film at the theatre
4. Gerundive
phrase. Gerundive phrase is a phrase where the central is gerund. The functions
of gerundive phrase:
· As
subject. Example: playing a piano
requires a lot exercise
· As
complement. Example: his hobby is drawing
a picture on the textbook
· As
object. Example: my parents discussed looking
for a new home
II. Clause
Clause
is a group of words that contains (at least) a subject and a verb. There are 2
kinds of clause, namely:
1. Main
clause (independent clause). Main clause contains a subject and a verb and
expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself.
Example:
· Students
normally spend four years in college
· The
building is very old
2. Subordinate
clause (dependent clause). Subordinate clause begins with a subordinator such
as when, while, if, that, etc. It doesn’t express a complete thought and cannot
stand alone as a sentence by itself. Example:
· ….
If I declare my major now
· ….
That you just mentioned
There
are 3 functions of subordinate clause:
A. Subordinate clause functioned as adverb clause
Adverb clause usually put before or after main
clause. Adverb clause functioned as modifier of verb, adjective, or adverb at
the main clause. The using of adverb clause consists of:
a. Adverb clause used as clauses of time. Conjunctions
which are used are when, before, until,
since, while, after. Example: after Hamlet's uncle married Hamlet's
mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him.
b. Adverb clause used as clauses of place. Conjunctions
which are used are where, wherever.
Example: put the gun where the children
can’t find it
c. Adverb clause used as clauses of manner.
Conjunctions which are used are as, as
if, as though. Example: we must behave as
if everything were normal
d. Adverb clause used as clauses of cause. Conjunctions
which are used are because, since, as.
Example: Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because his
uncle had murdered Hamlet's father.
e. Adverb clause used as concession. Conjunctions which
are used are although, though, while.
Example: he worked hard although he was
tired.
f. Adverb clause used as clauses of condition.
Conjunctions which are used are if,
unless. Example: unless the traffic
is very bad, we should arrive by eight
g. Adverb clause used as clauses of purposes.
Conjunctions which are used are so, so
that, in order that. Example: he shouted at the top of his voice, in order that he might be heard
h. Adverb clause used as clauses of comparison.
Conjunctions which are used are as … as,
than. Example: a turkey cost more
than a chicken
B. Subordinate
clause functioned as adjective clause
In
this case, adjective clause is used as modifier of noun / noun phrase. It can’t
be used as object of a sentence. So, it is always put behind noun / noun phrase
at the main clause. Adjective clause also can be called as relative clause
because both of them use relative pronoun. Example:
· What’s
the name of the person who first landed on the moon?
· That
is the women whom I saw yesterday
· The
knife which is on the table is blunt
· I
like the book that she is reading
· All
students whose registration numbers begin with 374 should immediately go to
the library
Adjective clause can also use
relative adverb as when (in / on which), where (in / at which), and why (for
which). Example:
· A
university is a place where (in / at which) people pursue advanced
knowledge in specific academic disciplines.
· This
is the time when (in / on which) everyone must search his conscience
C. Subordinate clause functioned as noun clause
In general noun clause functioned as noun. It can be
used as subject or object of a sentence. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
a. As subject. Example what he needs is a complete rest
b. As predicate nominative. Example: That was why I waited
c. As object of a verb. Example: I know what you’re thinking
d. As object of preposition. Example: give it to whoever needs it
e.
As appositive.
Example: My conclusion that
Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct
Notice, that in
noun clause (appositive) means “bahwa”
meanwhile that in adjective clause
means “yang”.
Relative
clause
One
of important type of subordinate clause is relative clause. Relative clause is
a subordinate clause that begins with a question word (e.g. who, which, where) or the word that.
We can use it to modify a noun or pronoun (to identify or give more information
about it). Kinds of relative clause are:
a.
Defining relative clauses. We use
defining relative clauses to give explanation about noun which is mentioned
before. These clauses define the noun and they identify which thing or person
we are referring to. Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions. Example:
· A seaman is someone who works on a ship.
· Computer
games that involve fighting and shooting apparently have a negative
effect on young people.
The following relative pronouns are
used in defining relative clauses:
|
|
Person
|
Thing
|
Place
|
Time
|
Reason
|
|
Subject
|
who/that
|
which/that
|
|||
|
Object
|
who/whom/that
|
which/that
|
where
|
when
|
why
|
|
Possessive
|
whose
|
whose
|
|
|
|
Notice:
· Who,
whom and which can be replaced by that.
This is very common in spoken English.
· Whose
is used for things as well as for people.
·
That normally follows words like something,
anything, everything, nothing, all, and superlatives. Examples: It was the
best film that I've
ever seen.
b.
Non-defining relative clauses. We use
non-defining relative clauses to give additional information about the noun.
So, it can be called as Extra Information. Example: Mr Suroso, who has worked for the Department of
Agriculture all his life, is retiring now.
Notice:
· Commas
are used to separate the relative clause from the rest of the sentence.
· "That"
cannot be used instead of "who" or
"which" in non-defining relative clauses
III.
Sentence
A sentence is a group of words that tells a complete thought. It
consists of one or more clauses. A sentence always tells who or what and what
is or what happen. Sentences are categorized in two ways: by structure and by
purpose.
1. Types
of sentences by structure
A. Simple
sentence
A
simple sentence is a sentence
that contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses and conjunction. Examples:
· The runner
jumped
This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject (runner) and one predicate (jumped).
·
The girl ran into
her bedroom.
This simple sentence has
one independent clause which contains one subject (girl), and one predicate, ran into her bedroom.
B.
Compound
sentence
A compound sentence is
composed of at least two independent clauses.
It does not require a dependent
clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction
(with or without a comma),
a correlative conjunction (with or without a comma), or a semicolon that functions as a
conjunction. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. The use of
a comma to separate two independent clauses is called a comma splice. Examples:
· My friend invited me to a tea party,
but my parents didn't let me go.
· Do you want to stay here, or would you like to go shopping with
me?
C. Complex sentence
A complex sentence is a
sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Examples:
· I enjoyed the apple pie that you bought for me.
I enjoyed the apple pie is an
independent clause and that you bought
for me is dependent clause
· I ate the
meal that you cooked.
D. Compound-complex sentence
A compound-complex sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (also known as subordinate clauses). Examples:
·
The dog lived in the backyard, but the cat, who
knew he was superior, lived inside the house
-
The dog lived in
the backyard.
-
The cat lived
inside the house.
- Who
knew he was superior
·
The dog that you
gave me barked at me, and it bit my hand.
This is a compound-complex
sentence with two independent clauses (The dog
that you gave me barked at me and the dog that you gave me bit my hand)
and one dependent clause (that you gave me).
2. Types
of sentences by purposes
A.
Declarative sentence,
it is the most important type. We often will write entire
essays or reports using only declarative sentences, and we should
always use them far more often than any other type. A declarative sentence
simply states a fact or argument, without requiring either an answer or action
from the reader. Examples:
· The
boy is happy
· I
put my money in a piggy bank
B. Interrogative
sentence. An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question
mark. Examples:
· May
I borrow your bag?
· Have
you ever visited Kendari?
C. Exclamatory
sentence. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling. It ends with an
exclamation mark. Examples:
· What
a beautiful girl!
· How
diligent you are!
D. Imperative
sentence. An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. Examples:
·
Open your mouth.
·
Do all of your homework before you go
out to play.
E.
Conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual
implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Conditional sentences contain two clauses: the
condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis. Example:
·
If it
rains [condition], the picnic will be cancelled [consequence].
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