1.
Interference
1.1
Opinions of experts on language interference
Some
experts have expressed opinions about the interference, some of which are
Alwasilah (1985:131) explores the notion of interference by Hartman and Stonk
formula that interference is a mistake caused by the tendency familiarize
pronunciations (utterances) of a language to another language sound unit
includes pronunciation, grammar language, and vocabulary. Meanwhile, Jendra
(1991:109) suggests that the interference covers various aspects of language,
can be absorbed in the plane of the sound (phonology), word formation grammar
(morphology), syntax (syntax), vocabulary (lexicon), and good meaning
(semantics ) (Suwito, 1985:55).
Interference,
according to Nababan (1984), an error that occurs as a result of entrainment of
speech habits of the mother tongue or dialect into a language or a second
dialect. Similarly, Chaer and Agustina (1995: 168) argued that the interference
is the norm of the deviation event one or more languages. To strengthen the
understanding of interference terms, the following will be presented basic
ideas of experts in the field of sociolinguistics that has defined this event.
Chaer opinion
(1998:159) the interference was first used by Weinrich to mention the existence
of a language system changes with respect to the contiguity of these languages
with elements of other languages by the bilingual speakers. Interference
refers to the existence of irregularities in the use of a language to include
other language systems. Pieces of other languages clauses in a sentence other
languages can also be regarded as interference events. Meanwhile, according
to Hartman and Stonk in the Chair (1998:160) interference occurs as a result of
entrainment of speech habits of the mother tongue or dialect into a language or
a second dialect.
Abdulhayi
(1985:8) refers to the opinion of Valdman (1966) formulate a constraint that
the interference as a result of user habits mother tongue (first language) in
the studied language acquisition (second language). As a consequence, there was
a transfer or removal of the negative elements of the mother tongue into the
target language.
Opinions expressed by others regarding interference Suhendra Joseph (1994:67) states that the main factors that may cause such differences between source language and target language. The difference was not only in structure but also the diversity of language vocabulary.
Opinions expressed by others regarding interference Suhendra Joseph (1994:67) states that the main factors that may cause such differences between source language and target language. The difference was not only in structure but also the diversity of language vocabulary.
Another notion advanced
by Jendra (1995:187) states that the infiltration system interference as
a symptom of a language into another language. Interference
arising from implementing bilingual unit system sounds
(phonemes) first language
into second language
sound system, which causes disturbance or deviations
in the phonemic system
of the recipient language.
Interference is
a symptom of the biggest changes, the most important and dominant in language
development. In the language of a large, rich vocabulary such as English and
Arabic too, in its development cannot be separated from interference,
particularly with respect to the vocabulary of cultural and natural
environments donor language. Symptoms of interference from one language to
another language are difficult to avoid. The occurrence of symptoms is also not
free from the interference behavior of speakers of the recipient.
1.2
Interference to the sound/phonetic
Interference occur when the speaker's identifying the
phoneme system from the first language (source language)and then use theme
system of second language(target language). In saying return the sound, the
speaker speaks up by using the phonetic pronunciation of the first language
rules. Speakers of Javane sea lwaysad dan asal sound “homorgan” in front of
words that start with the consonant/b /, /d/, /g /, and/j/, for example in the
words:
/mBandung/, /mBali/, /nDaging/, /nDepok/, /ngGombong/, /ny Jambi/
the pronunciation of these words has been the sound of the Java languagegrammar interference in the Indonesian language. Phonological interference includes intonation, rhythm and articulation.
/mBandung/, /mBali/, /nDaging/, /nDepok/, /ngGombong/, /ny Jambi/
the pronunciation of these words has been the sound of the Java languagegrammar interference in the Indonesian language. Phonological interference includes intonation, rhythm and articulation.
1.3 Interference in the field of morphology
Interference morphology viewed by linguists as the most
happened. .Interference occurs in the formation of words with the affix absorb
another language. For example, if we heard some words in Indonesia such as “kepukul,
ketabrak, kebesaran, kekecilan, kemahalan, sungguhan, bubaran, duaan. Such
things we call as a interference because the forms are in fact no true form, it should be “terpukul,
tertabrak, terlalu besar, terlalu kecil, terlalu mahal, kesungguhan, berpisah
(bubar), dan berdua.Based
on the data above that the process of constructing the words is called
interference morphology has the basic shape of the Indonesian word vocabulary
with the affix of regional language or foreign language.
1.4 Interference in the field of
Syntax
This interference occurs because the
removal of the first morpheme or word into a second language usage usually also
occurs expanded use of the word's first language, which expands the meaning of
words that already exist so that the base is getting a new word or even a
combination of the two possibilities above.
Interference occurs when the base
word such as an Indonesian speaker also speak English very well, so the
conversation is often tucked away in the words of English, so often caught in
the interference.
For example:
·
Planningku setelah lulus sarjana
adalah melanjutkan sekolah ke luar negeri.
· Mereka akan married bulan depan..
· Mereka akan married bulan depan..
1.5 Interference
in the field of Semantics
Interference
within the meaning of governance can be divided into three parts.
-
expansive
interference (Interferensi perluasan makna), the absorption event vocabulary
elements into other languages. For example, the concept Distanz word that comes from Distance
into the English vocabulary of German vocabulary. Or words to Democration,
Demokration and demokrasi.
-
additive interference (Interferensi
penambahan makna),
the addition of new vocabulary with a rather special meaning even if the old
vocabulary is still used and still have a complete meaning. For example, Father said in English or in German Vater into Vati. On 'smooth' meaning (perhalusan kata) interference also
occurs, for example: refining the word Gelandangan
became Tunawisma
-
replasive interference
(Interferensi penggantian makna), the interference that occurs due to the replacement of the
vocabulary that caused a change in meaning as the word that comes from Melayu
With the
examples above, it can distinguish between Campur code with interference. Mix
the pieces of the code refers to the use of other languages in a language,
whereas interference refers to irregularities in the use of a language to
include other language systems. But the pieces of other languages in the form
of clauses in a sentence other languages can still be regarded as a mixed
event code, and also interferences.
In terms of
"Kemurnian bahasa", the interference could "damage"
language. In terms of language development, interference is a very important
mechanism to enrich and develop a language to the same degree of perfection of
the language so it can be used in all areas .
Hocket (1958) says that interference is a symptom of the largest, most
important and dominant in language .
The main
contribution of interference is the field of vocabulary. The language has a
socio-cultural background, extensive use and has a vast vocabulary, vocabulary
will be a lot to contribute to the develop-lingual language support and have
contact with that language. In this process, or affect the language that gives
so-called donor source language or languages, and languages that receive
so-called language or discuss recipient absorbent, while the elements of a
given element is called absorption or imports’.
Elements in the Interference
At least there are three important elements that take part
in the process of interference are:
1. Source Language (Bahasa Sumber) or commonly known as the donor language. Language is the language of the dominant donor in a community language so that language elements often borrowed for the purpose of communication between members of the community.
2. The target language or the language of the absorber (recipient). Absorbing the language is a language that receive foreign elements, and then align the rules of pronunciation and writing it into the recipient language support.
1. Source Language (Bahasa Sumber) or commonly known as the donor language. Language is the language of the dominant donor in a community language so that language elements often borrowed for the purpose of communication between members of the community.
2. The target language or the language of the absorber (recipient). Absorbing the language is a language that receive foreign elements, and then align the rules of pronunciation and writing it into the recipient language support.
3. Importation (importasi, unsur serapan) . This is referred
to here is the shift of the elements of a foreign language is the language of
the recipient.
1.6 Interference in the field of sentences
Interference
in this field are rare. It does need to be avoided because of the pattern
structure is a prominent feature language independence thing. For example, Rumahnya
ayahnya Ali yang besar sendiri di kampung itu, or Makanan itu telah dimakan oleh saya, or Hal itu saya telah katakan kepadamu kemarin.
this is a form of interference because in fact there is an equivalent form that
is considered to be more grammatically: Rumah ayah Ali yang
besar di kampung ini, Makanan itu
telah saya makan, and Hal itu telah
saya katakan kepadamu kemarin.
happen deviation is caused because there is an equivalent context of donor
language, for example: Omahe bapake Ali sing ing gedhe dhewe iku village, and
so on
1.6 Types of
Reference
Interference
by Jendra (1991:106-114) can be viewed from various angles that will cause a
wide range of interference include:
(1)
Interference
from elements in terms of uptake
Language contact can occur between a
language that is still in a relative or a language that is not a relative.
Interference between the language families referred to as infiltration family
(internal interference) such interference Indonesian with the Java language.
While the interference between the languages is not a family called the
infiltration is not a family (external interference) such as English language
interference with the Indonesian language.
(2)
Interference
in terms of the direction of element uptake
Interference component
consists of three elements, namely the source language, the language of the
absorber, and the language of the recipient. Each language will be very likely
to be the source language and the language of the recipient. Mutual
interference as we call it a productive interference. In addition, there is
also a language that only serves as the source language to another language or
unilateral interference. Such interference is called interference receptive.
(3)
Interference
in terms of actors
Interference is the culprit in terms
of individuals and is considered a symptom of irregularities in the life of
language as an element uptake is in fact already exist in the language of the
recipient. Interference productive or receptive language on the individual
offender treatment is called interference or interference performance.
Interference in the early treatment of people learns a foreign language is
called interference or interference developmental learning.
(4)
Interference
with the terms of the field.
The influence of language
interference on the receiving can penetrate into the intensive and can also be
a surface that does not cause interference to the system's receiver language.
If the interference is to cause changes in the receiver role in the language
system called systemic interference. Interference can occur on various aspects
of language, among others, the system of sounds (phonology), word formation
grammar (morphology), syntax (syntax), vocabulary (lexicon), and may also
infiltrate the plane of the meaning (semantics).
Jendra (1991:108) distinguishes interference into five aspects of language, among others
1. interference in the field of a system of sound
(phonology)
2. interference in the formation of the word
grammar (morphology)
3. interference in sentence grammar (syntax)
4. interference in the vocabulary (lexicon)
5. interference with the plane of the
meaning (semantics)
According
Jendra (1991:113) in the field of semantic interference can still be divided
into three parts, namely:
(1)
Expansive semantic interference, this term is used in case of borrowing the
concept of culture and also the name of the source language elements.
(2)
Semantic additive interference; Interference occurs when there is a new form of
co-exist with the old form, but a new form shifted from its original meaning.
(3)
Semantic interference replasive; Interference occurs when there is a new
concept of meaning as a replacement for an old concept.
Faktor penyebab
2
Integration
2.5
Definition of Integration
Indonesian society is a
society that bilingual (bilingual), thus there was the language of the
bilingual or even multi-linguist. Mastery of two languages or more by a
language speakers was an impact, that is transfer of the elements of language,
both positive transfer and negative transfer. Negative transfer would give
birth to interference, while the positive transfer result in the integration of
the two languages that are advantageous because the absorption of elements of
a language that can integrate with the systems absorbing language.
Integration is a language with elements of a loan, use, and is considered to have become citizens of that language. Acceptance of other language elements in a specific language to be the status of integration takes time and a relatively long stage. At first, a speaker uses a language other elements in his speech as an element of the loan because it feels necessary, for example, in B-1nya no counterpart element (could also have been there but he did not know it). If the foreign elements are used then it can be accepted and used also by others, then so be it status as an element the element that has been integrated.
Process Integration
The integration process is divided into four kinds, that are:
1. Integration Audial
Audial integration in the early speakers of Indonesia heard of lexical items that are spoken by the original speaker, and then try to use it. What is heard by the ear that's what it said and written. Therefore, acceptable
vocabularies audial often show characteristic irregularities when compared with the original vocabulary.
Example:
-
Dongkrak : Domekracht
-
Pelopor : Voorloper
-
Sakelar : Schakelaar
2. Integration of Visual
Visual integration is the
integration of the absorption is carried through in the original form of writing, and then writing is adjusted according to the rules contained in the General Guidelines Establishment of terms and General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling Enhanced.
Example:
-
System : Sistem (Not sistim)
-
Hierarchy : Hierarki (Not hirarki)
-
Repertoire : Repertoir (Not repertoar)
3.
Integration of Direct
Translation
Direct translation
of integration is the integration
with the equivalent of finding a foreign vocabulary
into Indonesian.
Example:
-
Joint venture
: Usaha patungan
-
Balance budget : Anggaran berimbang
-
Samen werking : Kerja sama
4. Translation
Integration Concept
Translation of the concept of integration is the integration by examining
the concept of foreign vocabulary, then look for the concept into the
Indonesian language.
Example:
-
Medication :
Pengobatan
-
Brother in law :
Ipar laki-laki
-
Job description : Ketentuan kerja
Absorption of the
archipelago languages or
regional languages by the Indonesian
language does not seem so creates
problems, because these languages
linguistically the archipelago was still allied
with the Indonesian language, much less absorption
occurred in the area
of vocabulary. If a word has no absorption at
the level of integration, it said
it had agreed
uptake and converged
into the new
law. Therefore,
the processes that occur in
this integration is
called convergence (Chaer and Agustina, 2004:169-171).
Borrowing elements are absorbed as the result of interference will to
the extent of integration, both
within a relatively short time and in a
relatively long time. Because until
recently been a lot of evidence
in any language that has contact with other
languages, each language
that will experience interference, which was followed by the integration event.
Interference and the integration events in the language of the recipient
bring a few possibilities that would occur in the recipient language due to the
occurrence of interference and the integration. The first, the language of
recipients did not experience any effects that are changing the system if there
is no possibility to hold a renewal or development in the recipient's language.
The second possibility, the language of the recipient to change the system,
both at the subsystem phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic.
2.2 Differences of Interference and Integration
A.
Interference
A.
Understanding Interference
Interference
is generally regarded as a symptom of speech (speech parole), only occurs in
bilingual and the event is considered as an aberration. Interference is
considered as something that does not need to happen because the uptake of
elements that have no immediate analogue in the absorber. Sooner or later
language development in accordance with an absorbent, interference is expected
to further decrease or the most minimal extent (Kridalaksana, 2001:60) in
Linguistics Dictionary gives the following definition.
a) bilingualism
Bilingualism
is an element the use of other languages by the bilingual individual linguist
in a language, other languages characteristic still visible (in contrast to
integration). Interference varies according to the medium, style, variety, and
the context in which it is used by people who are bilingual.
b) Teaching the language.
Teaching
language is a language error in the form of a separate language elements are
brought into another language or dialect is studied. According Chaer and
Agustina (2004:160-161) states that the interference that occurs in the
interpretation process is called interference receptive, in the form of the
language B to language A. impregnated While the interference that occurs in a
process called interference productive representation. Receptive and productive
interference contained in the follow-selling bilingual speakers of the language
is called interference treatments. Interference treatment is common in those
who are learning a second language, because it is also called interference
study or development. Interference term was first used to refer to a language
system changes with respect to the contiguity of these languages with
elements of other languages by the bilingual speakers. Interference as a form
of measurement to errors caused by the entrainment language habits of
speech-language or dialect of first-language activities. Interference is a
deviation from the norms of language in a language that is used as a result of
the introduction to another language. Transfer in language contact can occur in
all linguistic levels, whether phonological, morphological, syntactic,
semantic, and lexicon.
Based on the
above, it is known that the interference is
a) It is a
use of the elements of language into another language when speaking or writing
in another language.
b) Is the
application of two systems simultaneously on a language element?
c) The
presence of a deviation from the norms of each language contained in bilingual
speech.
B. Symptoms
of Interference
Symptoms of
interference can be viewed in 3-dimensional scene. First, the dimension of
language behavior of individuals in the community. Second, the dimensions of
the language system of two languages or more of the blend. Third, the
dimensions of language learning. Dimensional behavior of the language, can
easily be listened to speakers from a variety of practices that do speakers of
mixed code in question. This interference is purely a design or a model made of
speakers itself. Of the dimensions of the language system, known as the
systemic levy language interference. While the dimensions of language learning,
education, known as interference. In the process of learning a second or
foreign language, learning certainly finds elements that are similar, or even
perhaps the same as the first language (Paul Ohoiwutun, 2002:72-74).
C. Types of
Interference
Chaer and
Agustina (2004:162-165) identifies four types of interference into the
language.
1) Interference phonological
Phonological
interference occurs when the speakers expressed the words of a language by
inserting the language sounds of another language. Phonological interference is
divided into two kinds, namely phonological interference and interference
reduction letter phonological change.
Example:
slalu? always
adek? younger brother
ama? same
rame? Crowded
smua? all
cayang? Affection
2) Interference of Morphological
Morphological
interference occurs when the formation of a language he affix-affix absorb
another language. Deviation of the structure of contact between the languages
being spoken language (Indonesian) with others who also mastered the language
(regional language or foreign language).
Example:
kepukul?
Beaten
moved? be
transferred
neonisasi?
Peneonan
question?
Ask
3) Interference Syntax
Interference
occurs when the syntactic structure of other languages (regional languages,
foreign language, and slang) used in the formation of sentences used. Uptake of
the sentence can be words, phrases, and clauses. Such syntactic interference
was evident in the mixed event code.
Example:
they will be married next month. because I have the same slick kadhung him, O
my signature.
4) Interference semantically
Interference
that occurs in the plane of the meaning. According recipient language, semantic interference can be
divided into two types, namely interference and interference expansive
additive.
(1) Interference expansive, the
interference that occurs when the language absorb cultural concepts with the
names of other languages.
Example: my
friends just added gokil.
(2) Interference with an additive, that
is interference that appears to the adjustment and interference that appears
next to the old form with a rather special meaning.
Example: Ms.
Ari's beautiful.
2.
Integration
A.
Definition of Integration
Indonesian
society is a society that bilingual (bilingual), thus there was the language of
the bilingual or even multi language. Mastery of two languages or more by a
language speakers was an impact, namely the transfer of the elements of
language, both positive transfer and negative transfer. Negative transfer would
give birth to interference, while the positive transfer result in the
integration of the two languages that are advantageous because the absorption
of elements of a language that can integrate with the systems absorbing
language.
Integration
is a language with elements of a loan, use, and is considered to have become
citizens of that language. Acceptance of other language elements in a specific
language to be the status of integration takes time and a relatively long
stage. In the beginning of a speaker using elements of other languages in
utterance as an element of the loan because it feels necessary, for example, in
B-1nya no counterpart element (could also have been there but he did not know
it). If the foreign elements are used then it can be accepted and used also by
others, then be the elements that already existed as an element integration.
Process Integration The integration process is divided into four kinds, viz.
1) Integration Audio
Audio integration
in the early speakers of Indonesia heard of lexical items that are spoken by
the original speaker, and then try to use it. What is heard by the ear and
that's what utterance written. Therefore, an acceptable vocabulary audio often
show characteristic irregularities when compared with the original vocabulary.
Example: the jack? domekracht pioneer? voorloper switch? Schakelaar
2) Integration of Visual
Visual
integration is the integration of the absorption is carried through in the
original form of writing, then writing is adjusted according to the rules
contained in the General Guidelines General Guidelines for Establishment of
terms and Indonesian Spelling Enhanced.
Example:
system?
system (not lite)
hierarchy?
hierarchy (not hierarchical)
repertoire?
repertoire (not repertoires)
3) Integration of Direct Translation
Direct
translation of integration is the integration with the equivalent of finding a
foreign vocabulary into Indonesian.
Example:
joint venture? joint venture
joint venture? joint venture
balance the
budget? balanced budget
samen
Werking? Cooperation
4) Integration of Translation Concept
Translation
of the concept of integration is the integration by examining the concept of
foreign vocabulary, then look for the concept into the Indonesian language.
Example:
medication?
medical
brother in
law? brother-in-law
job
description? conditions of employment
Absorption
of the archipelago languages or regional languages by the Indonesian
language does not seem so creates problems, because these languages
linguistically the archipelago was still allied with the Indonesian language,
much less absorption occurred in the area of vocabulary. If a word has no
absorption at the level of integration, it said it had agreed uptake and
converged into the new law. Because of this, which occurred in the integration
process is usually called convergence (Chaer and Agustina, 2004:169-171).
Borrowing elements are absorbed as the result of interference will to the
extent of integration, both within a relatively short time and in a relatively
long time. Because until recently been a lot of evidence in any language that
has contact with other languages, each language that will experience interference,
which was followed by the integration event.
Interference
and the integration events in the language of the recipient bring a few
possibilities that would occur in the recipient language due to the occurrence
of interference and the integration. The first, the language of recipients did
not experience any effects that are changing the system if there is no
possibility to hold a renewal or development in the recipient's language. The
second possibility, the language of the recipient to change the system, both at
the subsystem phonological, morphological subsystem, subsystems syntactic, and
semantic subsystems.
