CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

GRAMMAR III CONDITIONAL SEN

A.      INTRODUCTIONIntroduction

Conditional sentences berarti “kalimat bersyarat, pengandaian”.Conditional sentences mean sentences that contain something that will be done if the conditions are met.

·      I will serve you some cake if you come to my party. I will serve you some cake if you come to my party.

·       If I wear a bird, I should fly as high as possible.Dari kedua contoh diatas kita dapat melihat bahwa kalimat bersyarat itu terdiri atas dua bagian y

From the two examples above we can see that the conditional sentence consists of two parts:

a.  Main clause “induk kalimat” yaitu suatu bagian dari kalimat majemuk yang dapat berdiri sendiri apabila dipisahkan dari bagian kalimat yang lain. Main clause is a part of a compound sentence that can stand alone if separated from other parts of the sentence. Induk klimat sudah mempunyai subjek dan predikat. Main clauses already have a subject and predicate. Pada kedua contoh diatas yang menjadi induk kalimat In the second example above which the main clause

I will serve you                                    I should fly as high as possible

S          P                                              S                      P

Kalimat induk atau kalimat itu berisi tentang sesuatu yang akan dilakukan atau bakal terjadi jika sesuatu yang disyaratkan terpenuhi.Main clause contains something that will be done or would have happened if something that is required is fulfilled.

b.    Subordinate clause atau if clause “anak kalimat” yakni bagian dari kalimat majemuk yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri apabila dipisahkan dari bagian kalimat yang lain. Subordinate clause or “if clause” is part of a compound sentence that cannot stand alone if separated from other parts of the sentence. Anak kalimat itu belum mempunyai pengertian yang lengkap sehingga perlu digabungkan dengan kalimat yang lain, khususnya induk kalimat, karena itu, disebut dependent clause (klausa terikat). Subordinate clause hasn’t yet a complete understanding that needs to be combined with other sentences, especially the main clause. Therefore, it’s called a dependent clause (bound clause). Dikatakan kalimat terikat karena anak kalimat itu masih terikat dengan induk kalimatnya dan belum mempunyai pengertian yang lengkap. It’s said as bound clause because it’s still bound by its main sentence and it does not have a complete understanding. Anak kalimat selalu didahului oleh “if” atau “had” (dalam inverted sentence). Subordinate clause is always preceded by "if" or "Had" (in inverted sentence).

Anak kalimat dapat ditempatkan sebagai berikut Subordinate clauses can be placed as follow:

1.    Di depan induk kalimat .In front of the main clause. Dalam hal ini anak kalimat itu dibatasi oleh tanda koma (,) In this case the clause was limited by a comma (,)

o  If it rains, I will take an umbrellaIf it Rains, I will take an umbrella Jika hari hujan, saya akan bawa pIf Mr Charles were as our English teacher, we should be active students.

o  If Mr. Charles were as our English teacher, we should be active students. Seandainya Mr Charles menjadi guru bahasa Inggris kita, pastilah kita menjadi murid yang aktif.

2.    Sesudah induk kalimatAfter the main clause

o   I will take an umbrella if it rains.I will take an umbrella if it Rains.

o   She will come here today if we invite herShe will come here today if we invite her

B.       KINDS OF ONDITIONAL SENTENCEKinds of Conditional sentence

Kalimat bersyarat atau kalimat pengandaian dalam bahasa Inggris dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga, yaitu Conditional sentence in English can be grouped into three, namely:

1. Kalimat bersyarat/ kondisional tipe I (real condition) Conditional sentences type I (probable or real conditions)

Penggunaan: Usage:

a.    Untuk menyatakan suatu kondisi yang akan terjdi diwaktu mendatang bila kondisi lain tTo declare a condition that will happen at a future time when other conditions occur:

Simple Future Simple Present Simple Future Simple Present +IF IF S + Will + Verb dasar S + Verb dasar+ S  + Verb I

·         Ita will go to the party tomorrow if she has time

·         If Sherly come, her mother will cook her favourite food

Catatan:Note:

Perhatikan tanda koma, bila if clause didepan, tanda koma (,) diberikan, tetapi jika if clause di tengah , tanpa ada tanda koma sebeluNote the comma, when the “if clause” is in the beginning of sentence then the comma (,) is given, but if the “if clause” is in the middle of sentence, comma is not needed.

b.    Untuk mengungkapkan suatu peristiwa yang mungkin dapat terjadi jika syaratnya terpenuhi, dengan ciri – ciri :To express an event that might occur if the conditions are met, with the characteristics - characteristics:

1.         Bagian kalimat yang mengandung syarat dimulai dengan kata IF (if clause).Part of the sentence that’s containing the condition is begun with the word if (if clause).

2.         Bagian kalimat yang merupakan akibat (hasil) berbentuk Present Tense atau Future Tense.Part of the sentence which is the result (outcome), in the form of Present Tense or Future Tense.

3.         Pola kalimat ini digunakan untukThese sentence patterns are used to

a). a). Menyatakan Future Tense Stating Future Tense

If + S 1 + Present Tense + S 2 + Future Tense If + S 1 + Present Tense + S 2 + Future Tense                     S 1 + Future Tense + If + S 2 + Present tense S 1 + Future Tense + IF + S 2 + Present tense

o    If I have money, I will buy a car. If I have money, I will buy a car.

• They will help you if you ask them. They will help you if you ask them.

b). b). Menyatakan kebiasaan (habitual action or situation) Stating habits (habitual action or situation)

If + S 1 + Present Tense + S 2 + Present Tense If + S 1 + Present Tense + S 2 + Present Tense S 1 + Present Tense + If + S 2 + Present Tense S 1 + Present Tense + IF + S 2 + Present Tense

• If I don't eat breakfast , I always get hungry during the class. If I do not eat breakfast, I always get hungry during the class.
• Rani usually walk to school if she has enough time. Rani usually walks to school if she has enough time.

c). c). Menyatakan Perintah Stating Commands

If + S 1 + Present Tense + ……. If + S 1 + Present Tense + ... .... + Imperative form + Imperative form Imperative form + If + S 1 + Present Tense Imperative form + IF + S 1 + Present Tense

·       If you go to the office, please mail the letter.If you go to the office, please mail the letter.

·       Please call me if you hear from LaiPlease call me if you hear from Laila.

·       Don't do anything if you think it is useless.Do not do anything if you think it is useless.

2. Kalimat bersyarat tipe II ( Present unreality / improbable or unreal condition)Conditional sentences type II (Present unreality / improbable or unreal condition)

Penggunaannya : Usage:

a). a). Untuk menyatakan suatu kondisi yang berlawanan dengan kenyatan masa kini. To express a condition contrary to the reality of today.

               Past Future                                                              Simple past

                                                                        IF   

     Would/could/might + Verb I                              S + Verb II

fakta fact
Dengan kata kerja ( verb ) With verbs (verb) (+) S + V 1 atau (+) S + V 1 or (-) S + do/does + not + V 1 (-) S + do / does + not + V 1	Tanpa kata kerja ( non verb ) Without verbs (non-verb) (+) S + am/is/are + complement (+) S + am / is / are + complement (-) S + am/is/are + not + complement (-) S + am / is / are + not + complement

• Ali would give you a job if he had a company Ali would give you a job if he had a company

Fakta : He doesn't give a job because he doesn't have a company Fact: He does not give a job because he does not have a company

• If I were you, I would accept udin as my lover If I were you, I would accept Udin as my lover.

Fakta : I'm not you so I don't accept Udin as my lover Fact: I'm not you so I do not accept Udin as my lover

Untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang kemungkinannya kecil sekali, atau mengandaikan atau barangkali saja hal tersebut akan terjadi pada masa depan atau masa kini. To express something that is against the odds once, or assume, or perhaps just this will happen in the future or the present.

If + S 1 + Present Tense ……. If + S 1 + Present Tense ... .... + S 2 + would/could/might…… + S 2 + Would / Could / Might ... ...

Meskipun menggunakan kata kerja bentuk lampau dalam bagian kalimat yang mengandung IF, tetapi tidak menunjuk ke masa lampau Although it uses past tense verbs in the sentence that contains the if, but did not refer to the past

• If Umar didn't pass in his exam, he would have to repeat the year. If Omar did not pass in his exam, he would have to repeat the year.
• I could met Ita's parents if I visited her house I Could met Ita's parents if I visited her house
• If I had time, I would go to the beach this weekend If I had time, I would go to the beach this weekend

(I don't have time) (I will not to go the beach this weekend) (I do not have time) (I will not to go the beach this weekend)

Catatan :Note:

Pada kondisional tipe II tidak pernah menggunakan WAS, tetapi menggunakan WERE untuk semua objek baik jamak maupun tunggal.In type II conditional was never uses, but using both were all the plural or singular objects.

1. Bila ingin menyatakan hasrat atau keinginan, gunakan “would” If you want to express desire or wish, use the “would”.

• He would come if you invited him He would come if you invited him.
• If I have enough food, I would give you If I have enough food, I would give you

3. Bila ingin menyatakan keharusan (sebaiknya), gunakan “should” If you want to express necessity, use the form "should"

• If it were not rain, you should come here. If it were not rain, you should come here.
• She should visit her mother if she had spare time. She should visit her mother if she had spare time.

4. Type II dapat pula diungkapkan dengan pola lain, yaitu : Type II can also be expressed with other patterns, namely:

If ……………………………………………….. If ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. were to ……………………………. were ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....

• If he were to resign, he would get another job. If he were to resign, he would get another job.

(= if he resign ……………………………………………. ) (= If he resigned ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....)

• If the train were to depart on time, you would miss it. If the train were to depart on time, you should miss it.

(= if the train departed on time……………………) (= If the train Departed on time ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...)

3. Kalimat Kondisional Tipe (Past Unreality / improbable or unreal conditionConditional Sentence Type III (Past Unreality / improbable or unreal condition)

Gunanya :Usage:

a.    Untuk menytakan suatu kondisi yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan masa lampau.To state a condition contrary to fact in the past.

• Tom would have passed the test last month if he studied hard

Past Future Perfect                                               Simple Past Perfect

                                                                 IF

Would/could/might + Have + V 3                          Had + V 3

Fact
With Verb (+) S + V 2 (-) S + did + not + V 1	Without Verb (+) S + was/were + complement (-) S + was/were + not + complement

·      Would Tom have passed the test last month if he studied hard

Fakta : Tom didn't pass the test last month because he didn't study hard.Fact: Tom Did not pass the test last month Because he Did not study hard.

b.    Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena waktunya sudah lewat, atau hanya untuk mengandaikan (membayangkan) apa yang terjadi dimasa lampau.To declare an event that is not possible because time is passing, or simply to assume (imagine) what happened in the past.

would If + S + Past Perfect…. If + S + Past Perfect .... + could + have + past participle + Could/ Have/Might + past participle might

• If we known that you were in front of the gate, we would have opened it and allow you to come in. If we had known that you were in front of the gate, we would have opened it and allow you to come in.

( we didn't know that you were in front of the gate, so we didn't opened and didn't allow you to come in). (We did not know that you were in front of the gate, so we did not open and did not allow you to come in).

• If they hadn't lost their way, they would have arrived sooner. If they hadn’t lost their way, they would have arrived sooner.

( they lost their way, so they didn't arrive sooner). (They lost their way, so they did not arrive sooner).

Tipe III juga ini dapat pula dinyatakan dengan pola lain yaitu : Type III also can be also expressed by another pattern, namely:

If ………………………………………… were to have …………………………. If ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... were  to have ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....

• If I were to found the book, I would have given it to you. If I were to found the book, I would have given it to you.

( If I found the book ……………………………………………) (If I found the book ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...)

• If they were to have come earlier, they could have met the manager. If they were to have come earlier, they could have met the manager.

(If they had come earlier ……………………………………..) (If they had earlier come ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..)

Catatan :Note:

Unreal berarti “tidak sesuai kenyataan”.Unreal means "does not match reality." Ia dapat dikatakan sebagai “kalimat yang mengatakan pengandaian atau membayang suatu fakta atau keadaan yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan yang ada pada saat ini”. It can be said as "a sentence that says modality or to imagine a fact or situation that is incompatible with the fact that there are at this moment." Karena itu, kata IF dalam kalimata pengandaian Type II dan Type III harus diterjemahkan dengan “seandainya, andaikata, atau andaikan” , bukan jika, jikalau, atau kalau, sebab keadaannya tidak berada dalam realitas. Therefore, the word IF in conditional sentence Type II and Type III should be translated as "if or suppose", not if or when, because the situation is not in reality. Artinya keadaan itu sudah tidak dapat diubah lagi seperti apa yang dibayangkan atau diandaikan itu. This means that state cannot be changed again as what was imagined or assumed. Keadaan yang diandaikan itu mustahil atau tidak munkin terjadi lagi. The situation was supposedly impossible or may be not happen again. Sedangkan dalam kalimat Type I , future real (possible) condition kata IF dapat terjemahkan dengan jika, kalau , atau jikalau , buan seandainya sebab keduanya terdapat perbedaan cara pemakaianWhile the Type I sentences, future real (possible) condition can be translated with the word when or if, not if or suppose because there is a different manner in their using. Kata jika' kalau' atau jikalau untuk menyatakan suatu hal atau keadaan yang tidak bertentangan dengan fakta/ realitas yanIf is used to declare a thing or situation that is not contrary to the facts / realities. Artinya sesuatu yang masih mungkin terjadi. That is something that still may occur. Sedangkan kata seandinya tidk berada pada realitas. While the word if or supposeArtinya sesuatu yang diandaikan itu tidak mungkin terjadi lagi karena suatu yang dibayangkan itu sudah berlalu dan mustahil. is used to something that supposedly is not likely to happen again because it imagined a past and impossible.

C.      CONDITIONAL WITHOUT IFConditional without If

Kalimat kondisional tanpa didahului IF tidak berbeda artinya dengan kalimat kondisional yang didahului IF.Conditional sentence without if is not different with a conditional sentence that is preceded by if. Penghilangan IF dalam kalimat kondisional hanya bisa dilakukan pada Tipe II dan Tipe III. Removing if in the sentence can only be done on Type II and Type III.

1.    Dalam kondisional Tipe II In the conditional Type II

Disinipun, kita bisa menghilangkan IF jika anak kalimat tidak menggunakan kata kerja tapi menggunakan WERE. Here too, we can eliminate if, if the subordinate clause does not use the verb phrase but using were aDan anak kalimat terletak diawal kand it is in the beginning of the sentence.

Were + S + Complement Were + S + complement	Past Future Past Future
	Will + V 1 Will + V 1

fakta fact
(+) S + are/is/am + complement (+) S + are / is / am + complement (-) S + are/is/am + not + complement (-) S + are / is / am + not + complement	So + S + V1 (s/es) + O So + S + V1 (s / es) + O So + S + do/does + not + O So + S + do / does + not + O

AtauOr

(+) S + V1 (s/es) + O Because S + am/is/are + complement (+) S + V1 (s / es) + O Because S + am / is / are + complement (-) S + do/does + not + V1 + O Because S + am/is/are + not + complement (-) S + do / does + not + V1 + O Because S + am / is / are + not + complement

• Were I you, I would care your parents. Were I you, I would care your Parents.

Fact : I'm not you, So I don't care your parents. Fact: I'm not you, So I do not care your Parents.

• Should he ask her, she would marry him soon. Should he ask her, she would marry him soon.

(= If he asked her …………………………………………….) (= If he asked her ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....)

2. Kalimat kondisional Tipe III Conditional Sentences Type III

Pada Conditional Sentence Tipe III, kita dapat menghilangkan IF dengan cara meletakkan HAD didepan subjek. Conditional Sentence Type III, we can eliminate the IF by putting HAD in front of the subject. Dan anak kalimat terdapat diawal kalimat. And there is subordinate clause in the beginning of a sentence.

Had + S + Complement Had + S + complement	Past Future Past Future
	Will + V 1 Will + V 1

fakta fact
Dengan kata kerja With the verb (+) S + V2 (+) S + V2 (-) S + did + not + V 1 (-) S + did + not + V 1	Tanpa kata kerja Without a verb (+) S + was/were + complement (+) S + was / were  + complement (-) S + was/were + not + complement (-) S + was / were the resource + not + complement

• Had Ali studied hard , he would have passed the test last month Had Ali studied hard, he would have passed the test last month

If Ali had studied hard, he would have pased the test last month. If Ali had studied hard, he would have passed the test last month.

Fact : Ali didn't pass the test last month because he didn't study hard. Fact: Ali did not pass the test last month because he did not study hard.

If …………………………………….. If ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. were to have …………………………. were  to have ... ... ... ... ... ....

• Were I have to found the book, I would have given it to you. Were I have to found the book, I would have given it to you.

( If I had found the book………………………………………) (If I had found the book ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...)

C.      VERBA PROGRESSIF DALAM KALIMAT KONDISIONALProgressive Verbs in Conditional Sentence

Verba progressive (verba – ing) juga dapat dipakai dalam kalimat pengandaian.Progressive verb (verb - ing) can also be used in a conditional sentence.

·       Real in tha present time : It's raining right now, so I will not go for walk.Real in the present time: It's raining right now, so I will not go for walk.Unreal in the past time : if it not raining right now, I should go for a walk

·       Unreal in the past-time: if it were not raining right now, I should go for a walk.Seandainya hari tidak hujan sekarang,pastilah saya akan pergi jalan – jalan.Unreal in the present time : I wasn't living in Jambi last year, I wasn't working at a bank.

·       Unreal in the present time: I wasn't living in Jambi last year; I wasn't working at a bank.Saya tidak tinggal di Jambi tahun lalu, saya sedang bekerja di bank.Unreal in the past time : If I have been living in Jambi last year, I should have been working at a bank.

·       Unreal in the past-time: If I have been living in Jambi last year, I should have been working at a bank.

D.    VERBA MODAL DALAM KALIMAT KONDISIONAL Modals in Conditional Sentence

Selain shall, should, will and would ada dua modal lagi yang biasa dipakai dala kalimat pengandaian yaitu could and might.Besides shall, should, will, and would, there are two more commonly modals that used in conditional sentence, they are could and might.

• If I could sing as well as Iwan fals, I would join establish a music club. If I Could sing as well as Iwan fals, I would join establish a music club.
• If I didn't get a scholarship, I might get a job instead of going to graduate school next Spring. If I Did not get a scholarship, I Might get a job instead of going to graduate school next Spring.
• If there should be another world war, the continue exitences of the human race would be a jeopardy. If there Should Be another world war, the continue existences of the human race would be a Jeopardy.

E.  KALIMAT PENGANDAIN UNTUKMENYATAKAN HARAPAN Conditional Sentence to State Expectations

Selain menggunakan pola diatas, dapat juga dipakai dalam kalimat pengandaian, wish juga dipakai apabila pembicara menginginkan suatu realita yang berbeda dengan kenyataan yang ada, yakni yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan yang ada.Besides using the pattern above, it can also be used in sentences supposition, wish is also used when the speaker desires a reality that is different from the existing reality, which is contrary to reality. Wish dapat diikuti oleh Noun Clause. Wish is followed by a noun clause.

1. Dipakai dalam bentu futureUsed in future form

o     Sherly will not tell the story to meSherly will not tell the story to me.

I wish that Sherly would tell the story to me.I wish that Sherly would tell the story to me.

o     Ita cann't teach us tomorrow.Ita cann't teach us tomorrow.

We wish Ita could teach us tomorrow.We wish Ita could teach us tomorrow.

2. Dipakai dalam bentuk presentUsed in present form

o    Diana cann't speak English. Diana cann't speak English.

Diana wish she could speak English.Diana wish that she could speak English.

o     Laila doesn't come to the school camping.Laila does not come to the school camping.

Laila wish she could come to the school camping.Laila wish that she could come to the school camping.

3. Dipakai dalam bentuk past Used in past

o   Ita didn't come in here yesterday.Ita Did not come in here yesterday.

I wish Ita had come in here yesterdayI wish Ita had come in here yesterday.

o   Sherly couldn't come.Sherly couldn't come.

I wish Sherly would have come .I wish Sherly would have come.

F.     BENTUK – BENTUK LAIN DARI KALIMAT KONDISIONAL Other Forms Of Contional Sentence

1.      Unless (If Not)

·         She will complain if he doesn’t agree.

Unless she agrees she will complain.

·         Unless you start at once you will be late.

If you don’t start at once you will be late.UNLESS (= if not = jika tidak )

2.      Even If

·         You must go to Jakarta tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.

·         Even if the weather is cold, I’m going to go swimming.EVEN IF (= sesungguhnya, sekalipun )You must go to Jakarta tomorrow even if you aren't ready.Even if the weather is cold, I'm going to go swimming.

3.      Whether ………………….. Or = If ………………….. Or

·         I’m going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it is cold.

(Whether it is cold or not)

·      You must go to school soon whether you are ready or not.WHETH

4.      In Case (That)

(Followed by present, past or should)

·         You should insure you house in case there is a fire.

·         I packed swimming suit in case I should have time to go to beach.

·         I will at my uncle’s house in case you (should) need to teach me.

5.      But for : If it were not for/ if it hadn’t been for

·      But for the storm we would have come earlier

(If it were not for the storm ………………………)

·      But for the bad road, I would  win the game

(If it were not for the bad road ………………….)

6.      Provided (that) / providing

·      I will come provided you won’t call on me to sing.

·      Providing (that) she studied hard, she should pass the final exam.

·      You can borrow my bike provided/ providing you sent me a letter.

7.      Suppose / supposing ……….? = What if ……………?

·         Suppose they can’t come, what will you do?

·         Supposing you hadn’t passed the final exam

What would have happened if you hadn’t passed the final exam?

8.         Implied conditiImplied Condition

Seringkali (if clause) tidak dinyatakan secara jelas (eksplisit), tetapi disembunyikan (implisit) namun result clause atu clause yang menunjukkan hasil atau akibat tampak jelas pada kalimat tersebut.If clause is often not clearly stated (explicitly), but the hidden (implicitly) but the result clause which shows the result or effect was evident in the sentence.

·      I would have gone with you, but I have to study.

(Explicit condition = if I hadn’t had you study)

·      He drove very fast; he would have missed the bus.

(Explicit condition = if he not driven very fast)

·      He never would have succeeded without your help.

(Explicit condition = if you hadn’t helped him)

• I wold have gone with you, but I have to study.

Teks asli Bahasa Indonesia

Dinamakan kalimat bersyarat karena kalimat itu berisi sesuatu yang akan dikerjakan apabila syaratnya terpenuhi.

Bibliography

Suryadi and Juanida. 2009.  Complete English Grammar. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Mas’ud, Fuad. 2005. Essentials of English Grammar. Yogyakarta: BPFE.

Murphy, Raymond. 1985. English Grammar in Use. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Hakim, Thursan., Drs. 2008. Panduan Praktis Menerapkan English Grammar dalam Percakapan Sehari-hari. Jakarta: Kawan Pustaka.

Hariyanto, Dony dan Hariyono, Rudy., Drs. 2003. English Grammar for General Application. Surabaya: Gitamedia press.

 

GRAMMAR III CONDITIONAL SEN